Comparison of techniques for coupled earthquake and tsunami modeling

From interpreting data to scenario modeling of subduction events, numerical modeling has been crucial for studying tsunami generation by earthquakes. Seafloor instruments in the source region feature complex signals containing a superposition of seismic, ocean acoustic, and tsunami waves. Rigorous modeling is required to interpret these data and use them for tsunami early warning. However, previous studies utilize separate earthquake and tsunami models, with one-way coupling between them and approximations that might limit the applicability of the modeling technique. In this study, we compare four earthquake-tsunami modeling techniques, highlighting assumptions that affect the results, and discuss which techniques are appropriate for various applications.